ABSTRACT
This study was designed to analyze physiologically recreational synchronized swimming and speed swimming. Two types of recreational synchronized swimming (Long face-in time performance : LFIP and Short face-in time performance : SFIP) and maximum exertion in the 200-m free style swimming (200 mFR) were measured in six recreational middle-aged female swimmers. LFIP and SFIP were conducted in shallow water. The percentage of face-in time for LFIP was about 10% longer than that of SFIP. Heart rate (HR) during each exercise was measured continuously. Blood lactate concentration (La), the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured after each exercise. Average HR during the LFIP, SFIP and 200 mFR were 133±12, 132±13 and 153±12 beats·min<SUP>-1</SUP> (mean ± SD), respectively. La was 2.4±0.7 mmol·1<SUP>-1</SUP>for LFIP, 2.2±0.6 mmol·1<SUP>-1</SUP>for SFIP and 5.7 ± 2.4 mmol·1<SUP>-1</SUP>for 200 mFR, respectively. SBP was 181±32 mmHg for LFIP, 166±22 mmHg for SFIP and 185±30 mmHg for 200 mFR, respectively. No significant differences were observed in blood pressure among the three exercises. SBP of 200 mmHg or higher after LFIP and 200 mFR was observed in some subjects. HR, La and RPE for LFIP and SFIP showed no significant differences, but were significantly lower than those of 200 mFR. These results show that the exercise intensity of LFIP was moderate and was similar to that of SFIP. LFIP, however, caused a marked rise in SBP. Thus, SFIP may be more recommended for health promotion to recreational middle-aged swimmers than LFIP.
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to clarify the exercise intensity and metabolic condition during a free routine of synchronized swimming with respect to heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (La) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) . Six well trained female synchronized swimmers participated as subjects. HR during the free routine was measured continuously. La and RPE during the free routine were measured intermittently from the start to end of each stage. Maximum heart rate (swimmingHRmax : S-HRmax) was determined by measurement of maximum oxygen uptake using a swimming flume. Peak blood lactate concentration (Peak La) was measured after the maximum front crawl stroke of 100 m. The average values and S. D. of S-HRmax and Peak La were 180.0±3.8 beats · min<SUP>-1</SUP> and 9.6 ± 1.0 mmol · 1<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. Average values, S. D. and ranges of HR and %S-HRmax during the free routine were 137.6±25.5 (60-180) beats · min<SUP>-1</SUP> and 76.5± 14.3 (34.5-96.8) %, respectively. HR during the free routine showed a decrease in the breath-holding phase. Average values and S. D. of La, %Peak La and RPE at the fourth stage were 5.4±1.2mmol·1<SUP>-1</SUP>, 57.0±17.2% and 17.7±0.8, respectively. La, %Peak La and RPE at the fourth stage were significantly higher than those at the other stages, and La, %Peak La and RPE at the third stage were significantly higher than those at the second stage. These results suggested that the overall intensity of the free routine was moderate, but that part of the free routine included high-intensity activity and the percentage of anaerobic metabolism during the free routine increased in the final stages
ABSTRACT
A study was performed to examine the effect of plasma lactate concentration on intravascular hemolysis during exercise. Seven men performed maximal and submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. The maximal exercise was performed as a graded exercise until exhaustion. The mean performance time of the maximal exercise was 15 min and 4 s. The submaximal exercise was performed for 30 min at 50% HRmax. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after, and one hour after exercise. Plasma lactate concentration, hematocrit (Ht), and serum haptoglobin concentration (Hp) were measured. Hp was corrected by Ht for hemoconcentration and expressed as HpC. Plasma lactate concentration was elevated significantly (p<0.05) immediately after maximal exercise, and returned to the baseline values one hour after exercise, whereas plasma lactate concentration did not change after submaximal exercise. Hp and HpC did not change even after maximal exercise. These results suggest that the elevation in plasma lactate concentration may not affect intravascular hemolysis during exercise.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses, stroke rate and stroke length of front crawl leg kick and arm stroke of age-group and college swimmers and to elucidate the characteristics of male age-group swimmers, which have not been highlighted adequately. The subjects were ten 11.8-to 12.4-year-old well-trained male elementary school swimmers (group E) and nine 20.1-to 21.1-year-old well-trained male college swimmers (group C) . All the subjects were categorized into similar swimming levels for their ages. All the experiments were performed in a swimming flume (AQUAGYM made by IHI) . The water velocities during leg kicking and arm stroking were 60 and 70%, respectively, of the maximal velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (Vmax) . The oxygen uptake (VO<SUB>2</SUB>), heart rate (HR), pulmonary ventilation (V<SUB>E</SUB>), tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) and blood lactate (BL) level of each group were significantly higher during leg kicking than arm stroking at both velocities. VO2, V<SUB>E</SUB>; and TV were significantly higher in group C than group E during leg kicking and arm stroking at both velocities, but HR, RR and BL did not differ significantly. The leg kick to arm stroke VO<SUB>2</SUB> ratio at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group E than group C. The stroke rate at the same velocity was significantly lower and the stroke length was significantly higher in group C than group E, but the kick rate and length did not differ significantly. VO<SUB>2</SUB>·SR<SUP>-1</SUP> and VO<SUB>2</SUB> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities were significantly higher in group C than group E. VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> SR<SUP>-1</SUP> at 70% Vmax was significantly higher in group C than group E, but VO<SUB>2</SUB> Wt<SUP>-1</SUP> KR<SUP>-1</SUP> at both velocities was significantly lower in group C than group E. These results clarified the differences between group E and group C, which must be considered carefully when designing a training program for age-group swimmers.